History of Education, Teacher Training, Teachers, Teaching

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History of Education, Teacher Training, Teachers, Teaching

A Concise History of Education of Teachers,				they are modern secondary schools], and
of Teacher Training and Teaching				Europe the British Grammar School equivalent
				Â LycÃ¨e Diploma in Science or in Arts
(Based on author's site				-with compulsory advanced classical academic
				and cultural content, became the minimum
In western countries the history of teacher				entry requirement.
training and education, theories of teaching
and education of teachers, in western				In Britain and the in British Commonwealth
countries, began in the first decade of the				traditionally greater importance has been
18th century in Germany, with teaching				attached to professionalism, in that not only
seminaries preparing teachers to teach. In				academic qualifications alone do not suffice
the history of education and teaching this				but, also, separate professional examinations
was the first formal teacher training.				may not be sat without a specific period of
				time of specifically professional study.
The first teacher training college in the				Teacher training came to require higher entry
history of education and the history of				qualifications than for training as, e.g.,
teaching of western countries, formal teacher				certified accountants or as a
education and training, was founded in early				barrister-at-law [practicing lawyers as trial
18th century in France by the Roman Catholic				advocates]. Then, depending on language
monk Jean Babtiste de la Salle, canonised in				status, specifically professional curricula
1900; his Brothers of the Christian schools				could be completed with a minimum of two or a
were teaching poor and middle class children				minimum of three years of professional study
and were an order of non-clerical male				followed by [additionally to in-house
teachers. This was based on what Greek				training in the course of professional
philosophers had advocated and was later				study], e.g., six moths of pupillage for
re-introduced into western society by Islam:				legal practice, or, e.g., a year's
that spirituality ought not be the only				probationary class-room teaching prior to
reason and basis of education. Until then,				full professional qualification,Â with an
teacher education and training had been				expectation also of later continuous
clerical; this, in 1725 was the first secular				professional development by way of, e.g.,
teacher training college in the history of				attendance at seminars -in the case of
education of the West.				teaching with optional further study in a
				subject offered by the Teacher Training
In western countries' history of education				College.
this changed attitudes to education;
teaching, and teacher education and training				(Until the late 20th century holders of those
so began to require teachers to have an				minimum entry qualification, by passing a
understanding of the human mind, together				selection examination, could become
with knowledge of science and art and				'temporary teachers'. Graduates of Oxford and
principles of teaching, and methods of				Cambridge universities, upon payment of a
teaching and education.				fee, could be conferred upon the title of
				'master' and be placed as teachers by their
This requirement became established as the				syndicate. Graduates of other universities
norm. Teacher training establishments				wanting to become teachers attended the two
conformed to it, with the Normal Schools, the				year compulsory [or longer with an additional
first in the history of education for the				subject] teacher training colleges, or with a
training of teachers.				Bachelor of Education degree could enter
				teacher training at final year level, subject
This proved popular; progress followed. This				to the successful completion of a
was the first time when in the history of				probationary year in class-room teaching.Â
education and history of teaching of western				This professionalism in teaching has since
countries a system of education was created				been required of new graduates as the
which required and enabled knowledge and				Post-graduate Certificate in Education
in-service experience and certification for				[PGCE], in England only [for teaching at
teachers, with continuing professional				state schools] with a QTS skills test, and
development opportunities in professional				similarly [and also in the case of Bachelor
teaching for teachers. It was an un-uniform				of Education graduates] the successful
system of teacher education and training, but				completionÂ of an induction year in school
it did enabled teachers, while teaching, to				teaching as Newly Qualified Teacher [NQT]
attend teaching seminars to refresh and				-with continuing professional development.
increase their knowledge of teaching; it made				While also non-major professional
possible the exchange of ideas among				qualifications has been officially
teachers.				categorised as a level above under-graduate
				university degrees [being considered to be
Uniform teacher education and training,				reduced to two years] in the National
professional teaching in the history of				Vocational Qualifications scheme,Â without
education first began in France. It was				such a degree only those qualify for the
unsuccessfully attempted during the French				Qualified Teacher Status [QTS] who previously
revolution to adopt Germany's teachers'				had been trained at a Teacher Training
seminars, and with Napoleon's efforts in the				College in the United Kingdom or in a Colony
second quarter of the 19th century a similar				or former Colony of it, or if elsewhere if
and the first uniform system in the western				similarly they possess examination passes at
history of education and training of teachers				GCE or GCSE level [at grade C or above]
became established.				additionally to the language requirement in
				Mathematics [and if to qualify to teach at a
In the USA and in Britain there had not been				primary school also in Physics] -or their
a system of formal teacher education and				recognised equivalents [e.g.,
training; but, a certification for teachers,				Matriculation].)
of moral fitness for teaching, had been
introduced by Elizabeth I.				Reputable American teaching qualifications,
				e.g., through the Teacher Training College of
In England's history of education and				the Columbia University, enjoy a similar
teaching, in the first quarter of the 19th				international high regard. However, in their
century a teaching method was begun by Joseph				history of education, having less aspired to
Lancaster and Andrew Bell. It was called				make general education as 'practical' as in
'Lancasterian': the senior students as				the USA and in later Britain (with lessening
'monitors', while receiving teaching from a				emphasis on spirituality in India, increasing
tutor, were acting as teachers and teaching				perfectionism in China and in the 21st
other students.				century the UK's preference for its basis as
				respect for authority as in the USA), the
In Scotland's history of education and				European teaching institutions almost
teaching Germany's teacher education became				uniformly continue more to value academic
interested in. In the third quarter of 19th				general education for entering into
century the Glasgow Normal Seminary for				professional training as school teachers, and
teachers was founded by David Stowe.				Britain's considering, e.g., class-room
				assistant qualifications as good substitute
Teacher education and training progressed. In				to, e.g., the GCE/GCSE passes, as acceptable
the USA Horace Mann founded the Massachusetts				entry qualification was criticised.
Normal Schools, and in Britain's colonies
voluntary organisations and churches				Interest in entering the teaching profession
established formal teacher training colleges				have always been based on the status of
and teaching.				teachers, which, traditionally, was highest
				in Russia in the 2nd half of the 20th
Concerns were expressed in England on whether				century, where teachers enjoyed more
it was right for persons of lower social				favourable terms of employment than
class to attend teacher training colleges and				elsewhere.
give teaching to children of persons of
higher social class. In France it was feared				In Britain's history of education, the 1980's
that teachers by their teaching might				miss-projection of the how many teachers were
influence young minds with liberal ideas.				needed resulted in the employment of science
				graduates, without formal teaching
(In Japan [seemingly influencing the USA's				qualifications, as, initially temporary,
history of education and teaching] emphasis				teachers. A status was enjoyed by teachers of
in teaching was on instilling patriotism.)				similar regard, as in European countries,
				and, about the end of the 20th century,
In the history of teacher education and				conferring knighthood upon teachers of long
training of Europe, in 19th century				service was politically suggested in Britain
'Philosophy of Education' of Rosencrantz				but due to controversies on reforming the
emphasized philosophical and psychological				House of Lords it did not materialise. At the
data. This was on the lines of Islam's system				beginning of the 21st century, for reasons
of university faculties and developed into				considered economic, the status of teachers
separate teaching disciplines.				was regarded to have been equated to those of
				classroom assistants who were socially
This progress in the history of education and				criticised for taking classes on their own
teaching was furthered in Sweden by				with brief training.
Pestalozzi. He advocated formal teacher
training colleges.				In the USA's history of education and
				teaching a form of essentialism in education
(Pestalozzi, except theologically, was				has been hailed, and a culture based on
self-educated; he never specifically set out				practicality and model citizenry, emphasising
a written account of teaching and of teacher				respect for authority. With a reported lower
training colleges, but his place in the				literacy rate than, e.g., much less
history of education and teaching and his				resourceful Turkey's, and in the 21st
greatness is deducible in outline from his				century, with no general minimum standard in
various writings and his loving and sincere				teacher training and education, some states
deeds and the example he set.)				do not recognise the teaching qualifications
				of some others. Teachers and teaching appear
Froebel in Germany favoured the education of				officially to enjoy no higher regard then in
teachers through teacher training colleges,				Bernard Shaw's remark (by some believed to be
as did Alexander Bain's 'Education as a				about writers' courses) "Those who can, do;
Science'. That developed with Herbart's				those who can not teach".
pedagogical emphasis in teaching on the five
formal steps: preparation, presentation,				In the USA public interest in better
comparison, generalisation, application.				educational standards grew and at the end of
				the 20th century three generals were
Germany's model for teacher training and				appointed by a state to improve teaching and
education became the basis of further				educational standards, and at the beginning
developments: Derwent Coleridge and James Kay				of the 21st century was appointed to improve
Shuttleworth in Britain, Mann in the USA				educational standards at federal level a
broadly agreeing, favoured it. Teacher				serving general. Some teachers paid only term
education and training, should emphasise				time, having to seek vacation work during
techniques of teaching -"not only the				summer, teaching and teachers, generally are
subjects of instructions, but also the method				regarded as having enjoyed not as good terms
of teaching".				and conditions in the USA, but it has
				considered adopting the European
By the end of the 19th century teacher				baccalaureate system.
education and training became established in
France and Russia (and in Japan). Teacher				The growth of interest in culture and
education and training came to be required by				education in western society's history of
law to be through formal teacher training				teaching has been seen, in the European
colleges.				Union, mostly in Cyprus which reportedly has
				the highest percentage of university
In English speaking countries history of				graduates among fellow member states.
education and teaching, formal teacher
education and training, began in Scotland				In western society spiritual values in
with the University of Edinburgh's creation				education have been protected by way of
of a chair in education, with the St.				teaching religious studies in many schools in
Andrews. The USA with the efforts of, e.g.,				American secularisim [protection of religion
Henry Bernard and Nicholas Murray Butler,				from political influence] and by the
followed.				religious affiliations of many of its
				universities; in European secularism
Developments in English speaking countries				[protecting against one's formal dominance of
were enhanced by the teaching techniques of				the other], often with a state religion
Herbert Spencer in England, and pedagogy. In				enshrined in the constitution, this has been
the USA's history of Teacher education and				partly ensured by such laws as, e.g., the
training there were studies, e.g., by Francis				requirement of Britain's Education Acts in
W. Parker, of Germany's pedagogical				compulsory education to take pupils to
developments.				religious worship at least once a month and,
				e.g., while British universities are not
In the USA's history of teaching and				formally religiously affiliated, the
education John Dewey worked with the				availability of a place of worhsip and
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools as				clerics to students at universities.
influenced by the Darwinian hypothesis
(reportedly originating from the library of				While various emphasis and special education
Alexandria) prior to its later evaluation by				considerations (e.g., the pedagogy based
science. Taking into account from other				Steiner-Waldorf education for creating free
disciplines what was considered relevant in				moral and integrated individuals -by some its
teaching to child development, the Brown				say by teachers and schools on defining the
University founded a department of education.				curricula disagreed with, or Montessori's
				preschool and elementary school child's self
The Roman Catholic La Salle College in				directed activities with autodidactic
Philadelphia, chartered 1863, had been				equipment -regarded by some as risking
teaching education.				raising obedient automatons), be it practical
				skills or Emerson's 'thinking man', have all
The Teachers College founded in 1888 in New				had praise and criticism and arguments
York was popularly incorporated into the				continue on prgmatism and creation -v-
Columbia University and was famously				evolution, generally Socrates's argument that
established that teacher training college at				the rightly trained mind would turn toward
beginning of 20th century, announcing "The				virtue continues to carry considerable weight
purpose of the Teacher Training College is to				in most educational systems. Basically an
afford opportunity, both theoretical and				important aim of education and the societies'
practical, for the training of teachers, of				all time expectations continue to be on the
both sexes, for kindergartens and elementary				lines of these verses (by the Cypriot
schools and secondary schools, of principals,				'Teacher of Teachers', the late Orhan Seyfi
supervisors, and superintendents of schools,				Ari):
and of specialists in various branches of
school work, involving normal schools and				'I was an ape' you say -or amphibian?
colleges" -that became the basis, in the
western history of education and teaching, of				And now?!Â Are you not now.. 'man'!? "
teacher education and training.
				In western history of teaching and the status
In Britain's system of education, which				of teachers the cultural values balance
applied throughout the Commonwealth, entry				appears to have been more reflected in the
into teacher training came to require senior				education and training of teachers in Europe,
secondary school, advanced level,				mostly in Spain and Italy, and in France
Matriculation or the later General				where without much disregard to spiritual
Certificate of Education [GCE] passes				values also political and ideological
Ordinary [O] and at Advanced [A] level -more				affiliations of teachers is the long
generally catered for at British Grammar				established norm in professional teaching.
Schools [as distinct from the USA's where

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History of Education, Teacher Training, Teachers, Teaching

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